سنار: حيث التقت الدماء وتشكّلت الهوية
ليست العودة إلى سنار مجرّد حنينٍ إلى الماضي، بل هي دعوة صادقة لشعوب وقبائل وقوميات توحّدت، تعايشت، وتصاهرت تحت سقف السلطنة الزرقاء، تلك المملكة التي نشأت في القرن السادس عشر الميلادي وامتدت لثلاثة قرون. إنها أول مملكة إسلامية بهوية عربية في هذه الجغرافيا، حيث التقى العرب بالنوبة والزنج في مشهد نادر في التاريخ الإقليمي. هذه الدولة لم تكن فقط كياناً سياسياً، بل كانت ملتقىً حضارياً يعكس روح التنوّع المتمازج والانصهار الثقافي العميق، قبل أن يهدمها المستعمر العثماني الطامع، الذي لم يكتف بتدمير بنيتها السياسية، بل سعى أيضاً لطمس هويتها الجامعة، وهو ما أشار إليه محمد سعيد القدال في تحليله العميق لدور السلطنة.
سنار ليست جغرافيا.. بل وجدان وهوية
العودة إلى سنار ليست عودة إلى حدودٍ جغرافية أو خارطة سياسية تقليدية، بل هي عودة إلى قلب الوجدان، إلى ذلك الخيط الخفي الذي يربط أبناء المنطقة ببعضهم، مهما تفرّقوا. هي عودة إلى الدماء المشتركة التي سالت معاً، وإلى الجذور التاريخية التي امتدت في الأرض عميقاً، إلى لحظات التأسيس الأولى التي استندت إلى القيم الإسلامية والثقافة العربية والإفريقية على السواء. إنها العقد الاجتماعي الفونجي، الذي مثّل صيغة أولى من التعايش السياسي والثقافي في هذا الجزء من إفريقيا، حيث قامت السلطنة على أساس من التسامح والاندماج، وليس على القهر أو الهيمنة. في هذا السياق، تبدو العودة إلى سنار كإحياء لتلك الروح التي وحدت الناس حول مبادئ جامعة.
الأمم تنهض من هوياتها.. فماذا ننتظر؟
كل أمةٍ استردّت مكانتها فعلت ذلك بالعودة إلى هويتها. حين واجهت أمريكا خطر الذوبان في الحداثة الرأسمالية المتوحشة، عادت لمراجعة لحظات تأسيسها، أعادت قراءة وثائق الآباء المؤسسين لتستمد منها تماسكها الداخلي. كذلك فعلت اسكتلندا حين وجدت نفسها مجرد رقم في الاتحاد البريطاني، فطالبت بإعادة تعريف العلاقة بناءً على القومية والثقافة المحلية. وروسيا لم تجد بوابة للمستقبل إلا عبر ماضيها الإمبراطوري، فاستعادت رموزها، وأحيت روحها القيصرية في السياسة والمجتمع. أما الصين، فقد أعادت تأويل تاريخها الإمبراطوري والكونفوشيوسية الثقافية لتنهض كقوة عظمى. هذا ما شرحه إريك هوبزباوم حين قال إن اختراع التقاليد ليس خداعاً، بل ضرورة استراتيجية للأمم التي تريد البقاء والتقدّم. فالهوية ليست ترفاً، بل هي سلاح في معركة البقاء.
سنار ليست ذكرى.. بل مشروع دولة
دولة سنار ليست أطلالاً نبكيها، بل مشروع قابل لإعادة التأسيس. إننا لا نستدعي الماضي بدافع النوستالجيا، بل نستلهمه لبناء حاضر مختلف. هذه العودة تمثّل محاولة لرسم خارطة اجتماعية جديدة، قائمة على وحدة الثقافة والتاريخ والمصير، وليست مجرد تعايش قسري كما فرضته علينا حدود المستعمر. العودة إلى سنار ليست فكرة شاعرية، بل خطة استراتيجية لإعادة إنتاج نظام اجتماعي عادل، منفتح على الآخر، لكنه متمسّك بجذوره. إنها لحظة تعاقد جديدة، لا تتطلّب ملكاً أو سلطاناً، بل تتطلّب إرادة جمعية تصوغ مشروعاً وطنياً ينبثق من الناس لا يُفرض عليهم.
اقرأ ايضا: حدود السودان التاريخية : ما هي الخريطة الرسمية لدولة النهر والبحر؟
من الاستعمار إلى الدولة الجديدة
لقد كانت سلطنة سنار لحظة تأسيس حقيقية لدولة ذات هوية متماسكة، لكنها تعرّضت للهدم الممنهج مع دخول الاستعمار العثماني، ثم البريطاني. فرض المستعمر واقعاً اصطناعياً جمع بين شعوب مختلفة قهراً لا طوعاً، ضمن كيان إداري لم يكن سوى أداة لنهب الموارد والسيطرة الجغرافية. بعد الاستقلال، ورغم مرور قرابة 70 عاماً، لم يعرف السودان استقراراً حقيقياً، بل ظلّ أسير صراعات الهوية والانتماء، في دولة وُلدت مشوّهة، عاجزة عن استيعاب تنوعها الداخلي. كما أشار يوسف فضل حسن، فإن الدولة التي لا تنبع من هوية متجذّرة لا تملك مقومات البقاء.
دول انفصلت.. فعادت أقوى بهويتها
انظر إلى دول مثل التشيك وسلوفاكيا، حين انفصلتا بهدوء، كل منهما أعادت بناء هويتها الخاصة، وحققت نهضة اقتصادية مستقرة. رواندا، بعد الإبادة الجماعية، عادت لصياغة هوية وطنية جديدة انطلقت من ثقافة الشعب المحلي لا من النموذج الاستعماري، وتحولت إلى قصة نجاح إفريقية بامتياز. فيتنام، بعد عقود من الاحتلال والصراع، أعادت الاعتبار لهويتها الثقافية والكونفوشيوسية، وحققت نمواً اقتصادياً لافتاً. حتى أثيوبيا، رغم تعقيداتها الداخلية، بنت سرديتها الوطنية حول حضارة أكسوم وهوية الهضبة. كل هذه التجارب تؤكد أن الأمم التي تعود إلى ذاتها، لهويتها، لتاريخها، هي وحدها التي تنهض حقاً.
المراجع والمصادر:
- موسوعة بريتانيكا: سلطنة سنار
- محمد سعيد القدال – تاريخ السودان الحديث
- The Funj Sultanate of Sennar – Cambridge Journal
- Eric Hobsbawm – The Invention of Tradition
- Yusuf Fadl Hasan – Islamic Kingdoms of the Sudan
About The Author
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